人(ren)工(gong)(gong)刮(gua)研(yan)是(shi)利用(yong)(yong)刮(gua)刀、基准表(biao)面(mian)、测(ce)量(liang)(liang)工(gong)(gong)具(ju)和显示(shi)剂(ji),以手工(gong)(gong)操作(zuo)的(de)方式,边(bian)(bian)研(yan)点边(bian)(bian)测(ce)量(liang)(liang),边(bian)(bian)人(ren)工(gong)(gong)刮(gua)研(yan)加工(gong)(gong),使工(gong)(gong)件达到(dao)工(gong)(gong)艺上规定(ding)的(de)尺(chi)寸、几何形状、表(biao)面(mian)粗糙度(du)和密合(he)性(xing)等(deng)要求的(de)一(yi)项精加工(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)序。由(you)于(yu)使用(yong)(yong)的(de)工(gong)(gong)具(ju)简(jian)单,通用(yong)(yong)性(xing)比较强,加工(gong)(gong)余(yu)量(liang)(liang)少,而达到(dao)的(de)精度(du)非常高,因此广(guang)泛地应用(yong)(yong)在机(ji)器和工(gong)(gong)具(ju)的(de)制造及(ji)机(ji)械设(she)备的(de)修理工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)中。通常机(ji)床(chuang)的(de)导轨、拖(tuo)板,滑(hua)动(dong)轴承(cheng)的(de)轴瓦都是(shi)用(yong)(yong)人(ren)工(gong)(gong)刮(gua)研(yan)的(de)方法作(zuo)精加工(gong)(gong)而成的(de)。
人工刮研分为
粗刮
若工件(jian)表(biao)面(mian)比较粗(cu)(cu)糙、加(jia)工痕迹较深(shen)或(huo)表(biao)面(mian)严重(zhong)生锈(xiu)、不平(ping)或(huo)扭曲、刮(gua)削余(yu)(yu)量(liang)在0.005mm以上时(shi),应先粗(cu)(cu)刮(gua)。粗(cu)(cu)刮(gua)的(de)特(te)点(dian)是采用长刮(gua)刀(dao),行程较长(10mm~15mm之间(jian)),刀(dao)痕较宽(10mm),刮(gua)刀(dao)痕迹顺向,成片不重(zhong)复。机械加(jia)工的(de)刀(dao)痕挂除后,即可研(yan)(yan)点(dian),并按显出的(de)高点(dian)刮(gua)削。当工件(jian)表(biao)面(mian)研(yan)(yan)点(dian)每25mm×25mm上为4~6点(dian)并留有细刮(gua)加(jia)工余(yu)(yu)量(liang)时(shi),可开始细刮(gua)。
细刮
细刮(gua)(gua)就(jiu)是(shi)将粗刮(gua)(gua)后(hou)的高点(dian)刮(gua)(gua)去,其(qi)特点(dian)是(shi)采用短刮(gua)(gua)法(刀(dao)痕宽约6mm,长5mm~10mm),研(yan)点(dian)分散快。细刮(gua)(gua)时(shi)(shi)要(yao)朝着(zhe)一定(ding)方(fang)向(xiang)刮(gua)(gua),刮(gua)(gua)完一遍,刮(gua)(gua)第二(er)遍时(shi)(shi)要(yao)成45度或(huo)60度方(fang)向(xiang)交叉(cha)刮(gua)(gua)出(chu)网纹。当平均研(yan)点(dian)每(mei)25mm×25mm上为10~14点(dian)时(shi)(shi),即(ji)可结束细刮(gua)(gua)。
精刮
在细刮的(de)基础上(shang)进行精刮,采用小刮刀或带(dai)圆弧的(de)精刮刀,刀痕(hen)宽约(yue)4mm,平均研点每25m×25m上(shang)应(ying)为(wei)20~25点,常用于检(jian)验工具(ju)、精密(mi)导轨和(he)紧密(mi)工具(ju)接触面的(de)刮削。
刮花
刮花(hua)的(de)作用一是(shi)美观,二是(shi)有积(ji)存润(run)滑油的(de)功能。一般常(chang)见的(de)花(hua)纹(wen)(wen)有:斜(xie)花(hua)纹(wen)(wen)、燕形花(hua)纹(wen)(wen)和鱼鳞(lin)花(hua)纹(wen)(wen)等。另(ling)外,还可通过观察原(yuan)花(hua)纹(wen)(wen)的(de)完整和消失的(de)情况来判断平面工作后的(de)磨(mo)损程(cheng)度。
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